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ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)

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ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (ARDS)

Acute respiratory distress syndrome is a severe lung condition characterized by the rapid onset of widespread swelling or inflammation in the lungs.

  • Swelling throughout the lungs causes fluid to build up in the tiny elastic air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs, preventing the lungs from working well.
  • Too much fluid in the lungs can significantly reduce the amount of oxygen and increase the amount of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream, depriving the organs of the oxygen they need to function well.
  • Acute respiratory distress syndrome is an emergency and life-threatening illness; many people who get the condition don’t survive.
  • Among those who survive, a decreased quality of life is relatively common. They may end up with serious and long-lasting effects such as breathing problems, problems with memory and thinking, or depression.

CAUSES

The condition occurs when there is damage to the tiny blood vessels in the lungs. Fluid from this blood vessels leaks into the tiny air sacs (alveoli), where oxygen enters and carbon dioxide is removed from the blood. Normally, fluid in the blood vessels is kept from leaking out by a protective membrane. However, severe illness or injuries can cause damage to the membrane, leading to fluid leakage and buildup as seen in ARDS.

ARDS is usually a complication of another condition. It commonly affects hospitalized people who are already critically ill.

The most common underlying cause of the condition includes:

  • Severe pneumonia
  • Sepsis – severe and widespread bacterial infection of the bloodstream
  • Pancreatitis- an inflammation of the pancreas
  • Head or chest injuries such as from falls, car crash/wreck, or contact sports
  • Inhaling toxic substance such as chemicals, smoke, and vomits, as can near-drowning episodes
  • Massive blood transfusions
  • Burns

Risk factors may include:

  • Chronic alcoholism
  • History of cigarette smoking
  • Older than 65 years
  • Having liver failure or chronic lung disease.

SYMPTOMS

  • Severe shortness of breath
  • Low blood pressure
  • Confusion and extreme tiredness
  • Labored and rapid breathing
  • Muscle weakness
  • A dry, hacking cough
  • Bluish coloring of nails and lips from severely decreased oxygen levels in the blood.

DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT

No definitive test exists to identify the condition. To make a diagnosis, the doctor may carry out a physical exam, take a blood pressure reading, and recommend any of the following tests:

  • Imaging tests such as chest X-ray to reveal which parts of the lungs and how much of the lungs have fluid in them or CT scan to provide detailed information about the structures within the heart and lungs
  • Blood test
  • Electrocardiogram and echocardiogram to rule out a heart condition
TREATMENT

The first aim of treatment is to improve the levels of oxygen in the blood to prevent organ failure. To do this, the doctor may use a mask worn tightly over your nose and mouth to administer oxygen. A mechanical ventilator that pushes air into your lungs and forces some fluids out of the air sac is may also be used.

Another treatment strategy is the management of fluid intake. Too much fluid can increase fluid buildup in the lungs and too little fluid can put a strain on your heart and other organs, leading to shock.

Medications are also recommended to deal with some certain side effects. These medications may include:

  • Pain medications to prevent pain and discomfort
  • Antibiotics prevent and treat infections
  • Blood thinners to prevent blood clots in the leg and lungs